Generally the party bringing the lawsuit to the court is called the plaintiff 9 and the party against whom the action is brought is called the defendant. On appeal, the appealing party is usually referred to as appellant» and the winning party at trial is called the appellee.

In most states and in the federal courts, all persons may join in one lawsuit as plaintiffs if the causes of action arise out of the same transaction or series of transactions and involve common questions of law or fact. In addition, the plaintiff may join as defendants •all persons who are necessary to a complete determination or settlement of the questions. If a defendant alleges that a complete determination of a controversy cannot be made without other parties, that defendant may bring in new third parties as third-party defendants. The procedure is usually followed when someone is liable to a defendant who, in turn, is liable to the plaintiff.

A distinctive element of the Anglo-American judicial procedure is the adversary system. Within this system, the responsibility for beginning suit, for shaping the issues, and for producing evidence rests almost entirely upon the parties to the controversy. The court takes almost no active part. It does not do its own investigating. It rarely even asks a question. Most often it is only responsible for guiding the proceeding according to certain procedural rules and for making decisions on questions of law that arise.

The reasons for the prevalence of the adversary system are manifold. First, it is believed that a ruer decision will be reached as a result of a contest directed by interested parties. Second, since the parties have a direct interest in the resolution of the dispute, they should bear the burden of the time and energy required. Third» setting up sides reduces the determination of the suit to some yes-or-no questions $ which are easier for an.

unbiased judge. • Fourth, the human instinct to do battle is better satisfied by a contest that is very much in the hands of the parties.

Critics of the adversary system point out that the adversary system tends to reduce litigation to a game» in which the outcome will depend more on the skill of the lawyers than on the true merits of the case. In recent years» there has been a trend toward increasing the active role of the court* But the system remains, and it is still true that in the United States, the control over almost all phases of the judicial process continues to reside in the Words & Expressions.

Answer the following questions:
1. What is civil procedure?
2. What is a plaintiff?
3. What is a defendant?
4. What is an appellant?
5. What is an appellee?
6. Can more than one person be joined in a lawsuit as plaintiffs? If so，under what circumstances?
7. Can more than one person be joined in a lawsuit as defendants? If so, under what circumstances?
8. What is the adversary system?
9. What is the role of the judge in litigation under the adversary system?
10. What are the advantages of the adversary system?
11. What are its weaknesses?