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What is Race and Ethnicity?

What is Race?
A race is a statistical aggregate of people who share a composite of genetically transmissible physical traits, such as: skin pigmentation, head form, facial feature, stature, and the color, distribution and texture of body hair …


Estimates of racial types range from three — Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid — to thirty or more. Indeed, the notion that there arc three primary races is obviously useless, given the immense number of subgroups under each heading and the degree of mixture within each group. Many social or economic problems in the US are goierally mentioned in racial terms today.

The racial categories represent a social-political construct designed for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and 44 generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country.M The Federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines the concept of race as outlined for the US Census Bureau as not Mscientific or anthropologicaln and Cakes into account ••soda! and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry" using "appropriate scientific methodologies" but not "primarily biological or genetic in reference."

What is Ethnicity?

An ethnic group is a group of humans whose members identify with each other, throu^i a common heritage that is real or assumed.

The terms cthnicityM and "ethnic group" are derived firom the Greek word ethnos, normally translated as "nation" or commonly said people of the same race that share a distinctive culture. The term "ethnic" and related forms were used in English in the meaning of "pagan/ heathenw firom the 14th century through the middle of the 19th century. This practice was derived from New Testament Greek, which used the plural ethne to render the Hebrew gpyim (or nations).

The modem usage of "ethnic group",however, reflects the different kinds of encounters industrialised states have had with subordinate groups, such as immigrants and colonised sutnects; "ethnic group" came to stand in opposition to "nadon" to refer to people with distinct cultural identities who, through migration or conquest, had become subject to a foreign state. The modem usage of the word is relatively new — 1851 — with the first usage of the term ethnic group in 1935, and entering the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972.

Ethnicity involves having a unique social and cultural heritage that is passed on from one generation to another. Ethnic groups are often identified by distinctive patterns of language, family life,religion, recreation,and other customs that differentiate them firom other groups. To illustrate this point, Americans of different European origins would normally be regarded as of the same racial stock — Caucasoid. However, they would have different ethnic backgrounds because of their distinctive customs, values, or cultural traits.

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