They have felt that because individuals are free from excessive political, religious, and social controls, they have a better chance for success. Particularly important is the lack of a hereditary aristocracy.

Because titles of nobflity were forbidden in the Constitution, no formal class system developed in the Uniled States. In the early years of American history many immigrants chose to leave the older European societies, believing that they had a better chance to succeed in America than in “the old country”，where their place in life was determined largely by the social class into which they were bom. They knew that in America they would not have to live among noble £unilies who possessed great power and wealth inherited and accumulated over hundreds of years.

The hopes of many of these immigrants were fulfilled in their new country. The lower social class into which many were bom did not prevent them firom rising to a hi^icr social position. Many found that they did indeed have a better chance to succeed in the United States than in the old country. Because millions of these immigrants succeeded, Americans came to believe in equality of opportunity. When Tocxjuevillc visited the United States in the 1830s, he was impressed by the great uniformity of conditions of life in the new nation. He wrote, “The more I advanced in the study of American socicty, the more I perceived that ... equality of condition is the fundamental fact firom which all others seem to be derived.

It is important to understand what Americans mean when they say they believe in equality of opportunity. They do not mean tnat everyone is — or should be — equal. However, they do mean each individual should have an equal chance for success. Americans see much of life as a race for success. For them, equality means that everyone should have an equal chancc to enter the race and win. In other words, equality of opportunity may be thought of as an ethical rule. It helps ensure that the race for success is a &ir one and that a person does not win just because he or she was born into a wealthy family.

President Abraham Lincoln e?q>ressed this belief in the 1860s when he said:

“We ... wish to allow the humblest man an equal chance to get rich with everyone else. When one starts poor, as most do in the race of life, free society is suchthat he knows he can better his condition; he knows that there is no fixed condidonof labor for his whole life.

There is, however, a pnee to be paid for this equality of opportunity: competition. If much of life is seen as 汪 race, then a person must run the race in order to succeed; a person must compete with others. If every person has an equal chance to succeed in the United States，then it is every person’s duty to try. Americans match their energy and intelligence against that of their neighbors in a competitive contest for success. People who like to compete and are more successful than others are honored by being called “winners.” On the other hand，those who do not like co compete and are not successful when they try are often dishonored by being called “losers.” This is especially true for American men, and it is becoming more and more true for women.

The pressures of competition in the life of an American begin in childhood and continue until retirement from work. Learning to compete successfully is part of growing up in the United States. In a recent opinion poll，60 percent of the American people agreed with this statement: “It is not healthy for younglpeople to refuse to believe that winning is important.H That is, 60 percent believed competition and the desire to win arc healthy and desirable. Only 28 percent disagreed.

The pressure to compete causes an American man to be energetic, but it also places a constant emotional strain on him. When he retires at age 65, he is at last free from the pressures of con^>etition. But then a new problem arises. He tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much prestige to those who compctc well. This is one reason why older people in the United States do not have as much honor and respect as they have in other, less competitive societies. In &ct, any group of people who do not compete successfully — for whatever reason do not fit into the mainstream of American life as well as those who do.